364
edits
Changes
→G, H, I
'''Benzodiazepines''' - Class of sedative medication commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia.
'''Beta Activity ''' - Brain waves seen in alert wakefulness which have a frequency greater than 13 Hz (Hertz).
'''Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure (Bi-level or BiPAP)''' - See CPAP. A CPAP device providing two measured pressure levels of continuous airflow: one level for inhalation and a lower level for exhalation.
'''Brain Waves''' - Spontaneous electrical activity of the brain studied by method of electroencephalography (EEG).
'''Brick'''- Slang term for CPAP machines that record limited data. "Power brick" may be used for the external power supply that goes between the CPAP machine and the electrical outlet. '''Bruxism (Toothgrinding)''' - Grinding one's teeth while asleep. This occurs at some time in approximately 70% of people; most have no noticeable side effects. However, 5% of victims develop symptoms such as tooth wear, jaw pain and headaches. Episodes of grinding are more severe after stressful days.
'''Central Nervous System (CNS)''' - The brain and spinal cord.
'''Central Sleep Apnea''' - A period of at least 10 seconds without airflow, during which no respiratory effort is evident.[[Central sleep apnea (CSA)]]
'''Chronotherapy''' - Treatment of a circadian rhythm sleep disorder by systemically changing sleeping and waking times to reset the patient's biological clock.
'''Deep Sleep (Delta Sleep) (Slow Wave Sleep)''' - In sleep studies, refers to combined non-REM sleep stages 3 and 4.
'''Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome''' - A circadian rhythm disorder, which in the daily sleep/wake cycle, is delayed with respect to clock time. Accordingly, the sleep phase occurs well after the conventional bedtime. Usually associated with difficulty getting up in the morning.
'''Delta Sleep (Deep Sleep) (Slow Wave Sleep)''' - Sleep stages 3 and 4 in which EEG delta waves are prevalent.
'''Diagnostic Sleep Study''' - Continuous monitoring of several physiological activities in a sleeping individual. Usually carried out to determine the absence or presence of a specific sleep disorder. A diagnostic sleep study can be performed in a sleep disorders center or in a patient's home with portable recording equipment.
'''Diaphragm''' - The large, concave muscle attached to the rib cage at bottom of the chest (top of the abdomen). Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts. Exhalation is usually passive as the muscle relaxes.
'''Diurnal''' - Active and wakeful in the daytime, as opposed to active in the nighttime.
'''Electrooculogram (EOG)''' - A recording of the movements of the eyes. If rapid eye movements are detected during sleep, the subject is in REM sleep, which is the state in which vivid dreaming takes place. EOG is recorded in both diagnostic and CPAP titration sleep studies.
'''EPAP - (Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure)''' - The pressure prescribed for the expiratory (breathing out) phase of an individual on Bi-level CPAP therapy for OSA (obstructive sleep apnea).
'''Epidemiology''' - The scientific discipline that studies the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population. Includes the study of factors that affect the progress of an illness, and, in the case of many chronic diseases, their natural history.
'''Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS, Somnolence, Hypersomnia)''' - A subjective report of difficulty in maintaining the awake state, accompanied by a ready entrance into sleep when the individual is sedentary; may be quantitatively measured by use of subjectively defined rating scales of sleepiness.
'''Expiratory Phase''' - The phase of the breathing cycle in which air is expelled.
'''Fragmentation (pertaining to Sleep Architecture)''' - The interruption of a sleep stage due to the transition to a lighter stage, or to wakefulness, leading to disrupted sleep cycles.
== G, H, I ==
'''Heart Rate or beats per minute (bpm)''' - Pace or speed of the heart measured in beats per minute; 60-80 is generally considered normal. Heart rate is continuously monitored in both diagnostic sleep studies and CPAP titration studies.
'''Hertz (Hz)''' - A unit of frequency measuring cycles per second (cps). A measurement used in describing sleep EEG brain waves.
'''Histogram''' - A graph showing frequency distributions.
'''Hypopharynx''' - The lowermost portion of the pharynx leading to the larynx and esophagus.
'''Hypopnea''' - An episode of diminished breathing during sleep, caused by a partial airway obstruction, and resulting in arousal. Usually accompanied by oxygen desaturation. Hypopneas may be just as serious as apneas and have the same troublesome effects.[[Hypopnea]]
'''Hypoventilation''' - Reduced rate and depth of breathing.
'''Inappropriate Sleep Episodes''' - Periods of sleep that are not planned and often occur in an unsafe situation (i.e., while driving). These episodes are always due to sleep deprivation.
'''Insomnia''' - Difficulty with falling asleep or staying asleep.
'''IPAP''' - Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure. The pressure prescribed by a physician for the inspiratory phase on a Bi-level CPAP device, used in the treatment of OSA.
== J, K, L ==
'''Obstructive Hypopnea''' - Periodic, partial closure of the throat during sleep resulting in reduced air exchange. The medical consequences of this partial closure can be as severe as sleep apnea (full closure of throat) Usually characterized by snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms of fatigue
'''Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)''' - Repetitive cessation of breathing during sleep for 10 seconds or more due to complete closure (collapse) of the throat. Usually characterized by snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms of fatigue.[[Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)]]
'''Ondine's Curse''' - Condition in which the respiratory center in the brain is unable to stimulate breathing in response to an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Ondine's Curse is synonymous with central alveolar hypoventilation and typically worsens during sleep.
== P, Q, R ==
'''Pressure Support''' - Pressure support (PS) in positive air pressure therapy, is the difference between inspiratory positive air pressure (IPAP) and expiratory positive pressure (EPAP). For example if IPAP is set at 12 and EPAP is set at 8 the PS is 12 - 8 = 4.0.
'''Pulse Oximetry''' - Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method allowing the monitoring of the oxygenation of a patient's hemoglobin at the fingertip or earlobe.
'''REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep)''' - The sleep stage in which vivid dreaming occurs; identified by the occurrence of rapid eye movements under closed eyelids, motor atonia and low voltage EEG patterns. Also associated with bursts of muscular twitching, irregular breathing, irregular heart rate, and increased autonomic activity.
'''REM Sleep Behavior Disorder''' - A disorder in which REM motor atonia is partially or completely absent. People with this disorder are able to move their muscles and act out their dreams. The behaviors may include punching, kicking, leaping and running from the bed.
'''REM Sleep Episode''' - The REM sleep portion of a NREM-REM sleep cycle. There are typically 4-6 REM sleep episodes during an entire sleep period. Early episodes may be only several minutes in duration. Later REM episodes are usually longer, lasting 20 to 60 minutes.
'''REM Sleep Latency''' - The interval from sleep onset to the first appearance of REM sleep.
'''REM Sleep Onset''' - The designation for the first epoch of a REM sleep episode.
'''REM Sleep Percent''' - The proportion of total sleep time occupied by REM sleep.
'''Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI)(Apnea/Hypopnea Index)''' - The frequency of abnormal respiratory events per hour of sleep. These events are classified as Apneas or Hypopneas. Apnea is when breathing (airflow) stops for 10 seconds or more. Hypopnea is a partial blockage of airflow resulting in arousal and a possible drop in oxygen level. An RDI of 45 would indicate that the patient is experiencing complete or partial airflow blockage 45 times per hour.
'''Restless Legs Syndrome''' - The sleep disorder characterized by tingling, creeping, crawling, or aching sensation in the legs that tends to occur when an individual is not moving. There is an almost irresistible urge to move the legs that relieve the sensations. Inability to remain at rest can result in severe sleep disturbance.
== S, T, U ==
'''Sleep-Wake Cycle''' - The clock hour relationships of the major sleep and wake episodes in the 24-hour cycle. See Phase Transition, Circadian Rhythm.
'''Sleep-Wake-Junk''' - Clusters of apnea and hypopnea events concentrated mainly around periods of sleep-wake transition. In general Sleep-wake-junk (SWJ) is not regarded as "real" since they do not occur during periods of sleep, but may be during semi-awake periods or "dozing". [http://www.apneaboard.com/forums/Thread-Classic-example-of-Sleep-Wake-Junk-breathing?pid=184112#pid184112 Example of SWJ]
'''Sleep-Wake Shift (Change, Reversal)''' - When sleep as a whole or in part is moved to a time of customary waking activity, and wakefulness is moved to the time of the major sleep episode. This is common in jet lag and shift work.
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